The United States is preparing to engage in formal negotiations with Saudi Arabia to establish a civil nuclear cooperation agreement, commonly referred to as a "123 Agreement" under the U.S. Atomic Energy Act. This agreement is a prerequisite for the U.S. to export nuclear reactor technology and fuel to other countries.​Reuters+1S&P Global+1

U.S. Energy Secretary Chris Wright emphasized that such an agreement would involve stringent non-proliferation measures to prevent the misuse of nuclear technology for weapon development. However, Saudi Arabia has expressed reservations about certain stipulations, particularly those that would prohibit uranium enrichment and the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel—activities that could potentially lead to the development of nuclear weapons.​Reuters+1S&P Global+1

The discussions are part of a broader initiative to enhance energy cooperation between the two nations. This move comes amid renewed efforts by the U.S. to engage with Iran on its nuclear program, highlighting the complex geopolitical dynamics of the region.​

Saudi Arabia's pursuit of nuclear energy aligns with its Vision 2030 plan, which aims to diversify the kingdom's energy sources and reduce carbon emissions. The potential agreement with the U.S. could play a significant role in achieving these objectives, provided that both parties can reconcile their positions on non-proliferation safeguards